The NBPP has no connection to the original Black Panther Party, whose members have been heavily critical of the group. An open letter first mentioned in 2007 by the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation, led by members of the original Black Panther Party, calls the NBPP a hateful and unconstructive group. Bobby Seale, a founding member of the original Panthers, called the organization a “black racist hate group.” Fahim Minkah and Marvin Crenshaw, the original Dallas, Texas, Panthers, obtained an injunction that prevented the group`s first leader from using the New Black Panther Party`s name or logo. The injunction was never enforced and the NBPP continues to use the stolen name and logo. Malcolm, relentless to the last degree, resisted the black masses. Liberation from the chains of the oppressor and the treacherous embrace of supported [black] speakers. It was only with the weapon that the black masses were deprived of this victory. But they learned from Malcolm that they can use the weapon to retrieve their dreams and turn them into reality. [74] Figure 2. Number of killed on the Panthers` road (1981-2017)As the number of Panthers increased over time, the number of killed on the Panther road also increased. Since 2000, the number of road deaths has been between 6 and 34 per year.
The history of the party is controversial. Researchers have called the Black Panther Party the most influential black power organization of the late 1960s and “the strongest link between the black liberation struggle and global opponents of American imperialism.” [29] Other scholars have described the party as more criminal than political, characterized by “provocative postures on substance.” [30] In 1993, the group turned into extremism and organized the National Black Power Summit and Youth Gathering, in which about 200 participants participated. Former California Grand Dragon of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Tom Metzger, was a speaker at the event. Although Metzger was not a friend of African Americans, he and members of the NBPP shared the common belief that whites and blacks should live in separate countries. At that meeting in 1993, Michaels claimed that the NBPP had formed 20 chapters. COINTELPRO tried to create rivalries between black nationalist factions and exploit those that already existed. One such attempt was to increase the “level of hostility” between the Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers, a Chicago street gang. The FBI sent an anonymous letter to the Rangers gang leader claiming that the Panthers were threatening his life, a letter whose intention was to provoke “preemptive” violence against the Panthers` management. In Southern California, the FBI made similar efforts to escalate a “gang war” between the Black Panther Party and a black nationalist group called the American Organization, allegedly sending a provocative letter to the American organization to reinforce existing antagonism. [71] Elaine Brown came to power within the BPP as Information Minister after Eldridge Cleaver fled abroad.
In 1974, she became president of the Oakland Chapter. She was appointed by Huey Newton, the former president, while Newton and other executives dealt with legal matters. [166] [178] From the beginning of her term as president, she faced resistance and feared a coup. She appointed many women civil servants and faced negative reactions to her equality policy within the organization. When Huey Newton returned from exile and approved the beating of a Panthers teacher, Brown left the organization. [178] In 1970, a group of panthers traveled throughout Asia and were welcomed as guests from the governments of North Vietnam, North Korea, and China. The group`s first stop was North Korea, where the Panthers met with local officials to discuss ways to help each other in the fight against US imperialism. Eldridge Cleaver visited Pyongyang twice in 1969 and 1970, and as a result of those trips, he strove to publish the writings and works of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung in the United States. [125] After leaving North Korea, the group went to North Vietnam with the same program: to find ways to end US imperialism.
Eldridge Cleaver was invited by the North Vietnamese government to speak with black GIs. He encouraged them to join the black liberation struggle by arguing that the U.S. government was only using them for their own purposes. Instead of risking his life on the battlefield for a country that continued to oppress him, Cleaver believed that black GIs should risk their lives to support their own liberation. After leaving Vietnam, Cleaver met with the Chinese ambassador to Algeria to express mutual hostility to the U.S. government. [126] Newton focused the BPP on the party`s Oakland School and various other social services. In early 1971, in January 1971, the BPP founded the Intercommunal Youth Institute[129] with the aim of demonstrating how black youth should be educated. What undermines this connection between the NRA and the Panthers` support for armed protest is the fact that the NRA not only helped Mulford draft AB 1591, but also supported its adoption. The actions of the Black Panthers on May 2, 1967 completely shocked California lawmakers and virtually ensured the passage of A.B. 1591.
But this does not mean that A.B. was motivated by racial hostility in 1591. The fact remains that it was the NRA that contributed to the passage of A.B. 1591. The NRA did so in part because the organization had recently issued several press releases denouncing armed extremism in all its forms. The editorials were born because of the public`s reaction to the editorial “Who Guards the Houses of America.” One of the NRA`s press releases cited the organization`s anti-extremism organizing policies, saying, “The NRA does not authorize or support group activities that properly belong to national defense or the police. The NRA does not authorize or endorse any group that seeks to overthrow the government and take the law into its hands by force, violence or subversion, or supports or defends the doctrines of the operation in an extra-legal manner. The New Black Panther Party (NBPP) is a black separatist group that believes that black Americans should have their own nation.
